National Credit Framework (NCrF) aims to enable the integration of academic and vocational domains to ensure flexibility and mobility between the two.

National Credit Framework is a next generation, multidimensional instrument under National Education Policy (NEP).

However, below this rank, viruses may infect a new host from a reservoir host (in which it usually resides) by being able to transmit sustainably in a novel host – a process defined as ‘viral spillover’.

According to the research, these virus/host relationships seem relatively stable within superkingdoms, the major groupings of organisms.

Viruses are some of the most abundant entities on earth, but they need to infect a host’s cell in order to replicate.

Climate change leads to shifts in species ranges and distributions, new associations can emerge, bringing in vectors that can mediate viral spillovers, as simulations recently highlight.

As long as viruses and their ‘bridge vectors’ – that act as hosts and lead to their spread – are not simultaneously present in the environment, the likelihood of dramatic events probably remains low.

This is because there is another important link in the process.

In this study, while it was found that the risk of viral spillovers increases with changes in the environment at a particular location, driven by global warming, this by itself does not guarantee a higher possibility of a pandemic occurring via viruses here.

So far, only two countries have been blacklisted, they are Iran and North Korea.

If the country is not actively tackling money laundering or terror funding, it is then blacklisted.

It constitutes those nations that present significant risks of money laundering and terror-financing but which have committed to working closely with the FATF in the development and implementation of action plans that address their deficiencies.

Among these countries are the Philippines, Syria, Yemen, the United Arab Emirates, Uganda, Morocco, Jamaica, Cambodia, Burkina Faso, and South Sudan, and the tax havens of Barbados, Cayman Islands, and Panama.The grey list are officially referred to as ‘Jurisdictions Under Increased Monitoring’.

Countries on its blacklist are those that the watchdog deems non-cooperative in the global effort to curb money laundering and terror-financing.There are currently 39 members of the FATF 37 jurisdictions and 2 regional organisations (the Gulf Cooperation Council and the European Commission).

Following the attacks, the FATF expanded its operations and included terror financing under its purview. The FATF is a global watchdog that was founded to tackle money laundering initially but its role became prominent post the 9/11 terror attacks.

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